Of all the rich G20 nations, India has been labelled the worst place to
be a woman. But how is this possible in a country that prides itself on
being the world's largest democracy?
#
#
Video of a woman being attacked in Guwahati,
Assam, has sparked outrage in India.
In an ashram perched high on a hill above the noisy city of Guwahati in north-east India
is a small exhibit commemorating the life of India's most famous son.
Alongside an uncomfortable-looking divan where Mahatma Gandhi once slept
is a display reminding visitors of something the man himself said in
1921: "Of all the evils for which man has made himself responsible, none
is so degrading, so shocking or so brutal as his abuse of the better
half of humanity; the female sex (not the weaker sex)."
One
evening two weeks ago, just a few miles downhill, a young student left a
bar and was set upon by a gang of at least 18 men. They dragged her
into the road by her hair, tried to rip off her clothes and smiled at
the cameras that filmed it all. It was around 9.30pm on one of
Guwahati's busiest streets – a chaotic three-lane thoroughfare
soundtracked by constantly beeping horns and chugging tuk-tuks.
But for
at least 20 minutes, no one called the police. They easily could have.
Many of those present had phones: they were using them to film the scene
as the men yanked up the girl's vest and tugged at her bra and groped
her breasts as she begged for help from passing cars. We know this
because a cameraman from the local TV channel was there too, capturing
the attack for his viewers' enjoyment. The woman was abused for 45
minutes before the police arrived.
Within half an hour, clips were
broadcast on Assam's NewsLive channel. Watching across town, Sheetal
Sharma and Bitopi Dutta were horrified. "I was fuming like anything.
There was this horrible, brutal assault being shown on screen – and the
most disturbing thing was, the blame was being put on the woman, who,
the report emphasised, was drunk," says Sharma, a 29-year-old feminist
activist from the North-East Network, a women's rights organisation in
Guwahati. "The way it was filmed, the camera was panning up and down her
body, focusing on her breasts, her thighs," says Dutta, her
22-year-old colleague.
When the police eventually turned up, they
took away the woman, who is 20 or 21 (oddly, Guwahati police claimed not
to know exactly). While NewsLive re-played pixellated footage of her
attack throughout the night, she was questioned and given a medical
examination. No attempt was made to arrest the men whose faces could
clearly be seen laughing and jeering on camera. Soon afterwards, the
editor-in-chief of NewsLive (who has since resigned) remarked on Twitter that "prostitutes form a major chunk of girls who visit bars and night clubs".
It
was only a few days later, when the clip had gone viral and had been
picked up by the national channels in Delhi, that the police were shamed
into action. By then, Guwahati residents had taken matters into their
own hands, producing an enormous banner that they strung up alongside
one of the city's arterial roads featuring screen grabs of the main
suspects. Six days after the attack, the chief minister of Assam, the
state where Guwahati is located, ordered the police to arrest a dozen
key suspects. He met the victim and promised her 50,000 rupees
(£580) compensation.
The damage was already irreversible. Most
Indians know full well how tough life as a woman can be in the world's
biggest democracy, even 46 years after Indira Gandhi made history as the
country's first female prime minister in 1966. But here, caught on
camera, was proof. And in Assam – a state long romanticised as the most
female-friendly corner of the country, largely thanks to the matrilineal Khasi tribe in Meghalaya. The nation was outraged.
"We
have a woman president, we've had a woman prime minister. Yet in 2012,
one of the greatest tragedies in our country is that women are on
their own when it comes to their own safety," said a female newsreader on NDTV.
She went on to outline another incident in India last week: a group
of village elders in Baghpat, Uttar Pradesh, central India, who banned
women from carrying mobile phones, choosing their own husbands or
leaving the house unaccompanied or with their heads uncovered. "The
story is the same," said the news anchor. "No respect for women. No
respect for our culture. And as far as the law is concerned: who cares?"
There
is currently no special law in India against sexual assault or
harassment, and only vaginal penetration by a penis counts as rape.
Those who molested the woman in Guwahati would be booked for "insulting
or outraging the modesty of a woman" or "intruding upon her privacy".
The maximum punishment is a year's imprisonment, or a fine, or both.
As a columnist in the national Hindustan Times said
of the attack: "This is a story of a dangerous decline in Indians and
India itself, of not just failing morality but disintegrating public
governance when it comes to women." Samar Halarnkar added: "Men abuse
women in every society, but few males do it with as much impunity,
violence and regularity as the Indian male."
Halarnkar then offered as proof a survey that caused indignation in India last month: a poll of 370 gender
specialists around the world that voted India the worst place to be a
woman out of all the G20 countries. It stung – especially as Saudi
Arabia was at the second-worst. But the experts were resolute in their
choice. "In India, women and girls continue to be sold as chattels,
married off as young as 10, burned alive as a result of dowry-related
disputes and young girls exploited and abused as domestic slave labour,"
said Gulshun Rehman, health programme development adviser at Save the
Children UK, who was one of those polled.
#
#
Women travelling on a bus in Chennai, southern India.
Photograph: Gustafsson/Rex Features
Look at some statistics and suddenly the survey isn't so surprising. Sure, India might not be the
worst place to be a woman on the planet – its rape record isn't nearly
as bad as the Democratic Republic of the Congo, for instance, where more
than 400,000 women are raped each year, and female genital mutilation
is not widespread, as it is in Somalia. But 45% of Indian girls are
married before the age of 18, according to the International Centre for
Research on Women (2010); 56,000 maternal deaths were recorded in 2010
(UN Population Fund) and research from Unicef in 2012
found that 52% of adolescent girls (and 57% of adolescent boys) think
it is justifiable for a man to beat his wife. Plus crimes against women
are on the increase: according to the National Crime Records Bureau in India,
there was a 7.1% hike in recorded crimes against women between 2010 and
2011 (when there were 228,650 in total). The biggest leap was in cases
under the "dowry prohibition act" (up 27.7%), of kidnapping and
abduction (up 19.4% year on year) and rape (up 9.2%).
A preference for sons and fear of having to pay a dowry has resulted in 12 million girls being aborted over the past three decades, according to a 2011 study by the Lancet.
A
glance at the Indian media reveals the range of abuse suffered by the
nation's women on a daily basis. Today it was reported that a woman had been stripped and had her head shaved by villagers near Udaipur as punishment for an extramarital affair. Villagers stoned the police when they came to the rescue. In Uttar Pradesh, a woman alleged she was gang raped at a police station – she claimed she was set on by officers after being lured to the Kushinagar station with the promise of a job.
Last Wednesday, a man in Indore was arrested for keeping his wife's genitals locked.
Sohanlal Chouhan, 38, "drilled holes" on her body and, before he went
to work each day, would insert a small lock, tucking the keys under his
socks. Earlier this month, children were discovered near Bhopal playing with a female foetus they had mistaken for a doll in a bin. In the southern state of Karnataka, a dentist was arrested after his wife accused him of forcing her to drink his urine because she refused to meet dowry demands.
In
June, a father beheaded his 20-year-old daughter with a sword in
a village in Rajasthan, western India, parading her bleeding head around
as a warning to other young women who might fall in love with a
lower-caste boy.
This July, the state government in Delhi was summoned to the national high court after failing to amend an outdated law that exempts women (and turban-wearing Sikh men) from wearing helmets on motorcycles – an exemption campaigners argue is indicative of the lack of respect for female life.
But the story that outraged most women in India last week was an interview given to the Indian Express
by Mamta Sharma, chairwoman of the National Commission of Women (NCW), a
government body tasked with protecting and promoting the interests of
Indian women. Asked by the reporter if there should be a dress code for
women "to ensure their safety", Sharma allegedly replied: "After 64
years of freedom, it is not right to give blanket directions ... and say
don't wear this or don't wear that. Be comfortable, but at the same
time, be careful about how you dress ... Aping the west blindly is
eroding our culture and causing such crimes to happen."
She added:
"Westernisation has afflicted our cities the worst. There are no values
left. In places like Delhi there is no culture of giving up seats for
women. It is unfortunate that while the west is learning from our
culture, we are giving ourselves up completely to western ways."
Her
remarks caused a storm. As Sagarika Ghose put it in the online magazine
First Post: "It's not just about blindly aping the west, Ms Sharma.
It's also about the vacuum in the law, lack of security at leisure
spots, lack of gender justice, lack of fear of the law, police and
judicial apathy and the complete lack of awareness that men and women
have the right to enjoy exactly the same kind of leisure activities."
The Guardian asked Sharma for an interview to clarify her remarks but our requests were ignored.
Maini
Mahanta, the editor of the Assamese women's magazine Nandini
("Daughter"), believes the NCW chair's remarks are indicative of what
she calls the "Taliban-plus" mentality that is creeping into Indian
society. "In this part of the world, it's worse than the Taliban," she
insists in her Guwahati office. "At least the Taliban are open about
what they like and dislike. Here, society is so hypocritical. We worship
female goddesses and yet fail to protect women from these crimes and
then blame them too."
#
#
Indian women, such as these three in Bawana, on the outskirts of
Delhi,
frequently come under pressure to abort female foetuses.
Photograph: Gethin Chamberlain
Mahanta explains how traditions still cast women as helpless victims
rather than free-thinking individuals in control of their own destiny.
Girls still tie Raksha bandhan
or "safety ties" around their brothers' wrists as a symbol of their
duty to protect them, she says. She complains, too, about the Manu
Sanghita, an ancient Indian book that she claims preaches: "When a girl
is young, she is guided by her father; when she is older, she is guided
by her husband; when she is very old, she is guided by her son." She
despairs of the cult of the "good girl, who is taught to walk slowly
'like an elephant' and not laugh too loud".
Even in Mumbai, India's most cosmopolitan city, women have been arrested and accused of being prostitutes when drinking in the city's bars.
Sheetal
Sharma and Bitopi Dutta, the young feminists from the North East
Network, complain that modern women are divided into "bad" and "good"
according to what they wear, whether they go out after dark and whether
they drink alcohol. "We are seeing a rise of moral policing, which
blames those women who are not seen as being 'good'," says Sharma. "So
if they are abused in a pub, for example, it's OK – they have to learn
their lesson," adds Dutta, 22, who grumbles that young women such as
herself cannot now hold hands with a boyfriend in a Guwahati park, let
alone kiss, without getting into trouble with the moral police, if not
the real police.
Many women agree the response from the Guwahati
authorities shows they are blind to the root cause: a society that does
not truly respect women. Instead, a knee-jerk reaction was taken to
force all bars and off-licences to shut by 9.30pm. Club Mint, the bar
outside which the young woman was molested, had its licence revoked.
Parents were urged to keep a close eye on their daughters.
Zabeen
Ahmed, the 50-year-old librarian at Cotton College in Guwahati, tells
how she was out for an evening walk not long ago when she was stopped by
the police. "They asked me what I was doing out at that at that time –
it was 10.30pm or so – and they asked me where my husband was."
The
fact that India has a female president – Pratibha Patil – and Sonia
Gandhi in control of the ruling Congress party means very little,
insists Monisha Behal, "chairperson" of the North East Network. "In the
UK, you have had Margaret Thatcher – if you are being harassed by a
hoodlum in the street there, do ask: 'How can this be when we have had a
woman prime minister?'" she says.
Every Indian woman the Guardian
spoke to for this article agreed that harassment was part of their
everyday lives. Mahanta revealed that she always carries chilli powder
in her handbag if she ever has to take public transport and needed to
throw it in the face of anyone with wandering hands. Deepika Patar, 24, a
journalist at the Seven Sisters newspaper in Assam, says city buses
were notorious for gropers. "If women are standing up because there are
no seats, men often press up against them, or touch their breasts or
bottom," she explains.
In June, an anonymous Delhi woman wrote a powerful blog post
detailing what happened when she dared not to travel in the "ladies
carriage" of Delhi's modern metro. After asking a man not to stand too
close to her, things turned nasty. Another man intervened and told the
first to back off, but soon the two were having a bloody fight in the
train carriage. Rather than break up the brawl, the other passengers
turned on the woman, shouting: "This is all your fault. You started this
fight. This is all because you came into this coach!" and "You women
always do this. You started this fight!" and "Why are you even here? Go
to the women's coach."
Speaking under condition of anonymity, the
35-year-old blogger says she had experienced sexual harassment "tonnes
of times". "I hate to use the word, but I'm afraid it has become
'normal'," she says.
"Like if you're in a lift, men will press up
against you or grab you or make a comment about your appearance. It's
because of this that I stopped travelling by buses and started
travelling by auto rickshaws, and eventually got a car myself – to avoid
this ordeal. When the metro was launched I loved it – it's an
improvement in public transport, very well maintained, you feel safe.
Then this happened and I was blamed."
By Thursday last week, the
Guwahati molestation case had become even murkier. Police had arrested
and charged 12 men with "outraging the public decency of a woman", and
on Friday they charged journalist Gaurav Jyoti Neog of NewsLive with instigating the attack he filmed.
Neog denies orchestrating the attack or taking any part in it, apart
from filming it "so that the perpetrators can be nabbed". But police
have forced him to give a voice sample, which has been sent to a
forensic laboratory for analysis, to compare with the footage. The
verdict is out on that case, but one thing is clear: 91 years after
Gandhi urged Indian men to treat their women with respect, the lesson
has yet to be learned.
#Source:
Why is India so bad for women? | Helen Pidd
This article was amended on 24 July 2012.
The original said brothers tied Raksha Bandhan threads around their
sisters' wrists, when it is the sisters who put the threads on the
wrists of their brothers.
Monday 23 July 2012 21.00 BST
#
#
Δεν υπάρχουν σχόλια:
Δημοσίευση σχολίου